What You Need to Do About Historical Essay Topics Beginning in the Next Three Minutes

What You Need to Do About Historical Essay Topics Beginning in the Next Three Minutes The Historical Essay Topics Chronicles How well you write is what produces the difference. The creation procedure may be overwhelming, and should the topic isn't interesting enough, students may have a tough time finishing on time. A working knowledge of English has turned into a necessity in lots of area's. Reading the past principally in conditions of your very own present experience can also make problems in your arguments. Worksheets are utilized to do many unique things but mainly utilised to do accounting for an organization or small business enterprise. The books and journals don't have the exact titles, but all have the info on gender history. Within this list of essay topics there are lots of intriguing suggestions for your paper, and that means you will most likely find something which appeals to you. Our experts understand how to handle US history essay topics with a bit of class. 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The latest history analyses the woman strategies which were used to permit the women get in the male dominated areas. Even though the historians have covered a lot, more effort is required to make sure that the gender category in history is wholly covered. A teenage pregnancy is among the problems. Do not increase your odds of being discontinued from your studies as a result of trusting people who can't even assist with choosing history essay topics for high school students. Here's What I Know About Historical Essay Topics The above discussions demonstrate that we cannot rely of the credibility of the posts that are uploaded by different bloggers and writers. A few other ideas on terrorism There are lots of topics that surround terrorism. So it is extremely natural to understand about doing it . History papers can have a while to write. Historical Essay Topics Explained If you are searching for assistance with your essay then we provide a comprehensive writing service offered by fully qualified academics in your area of study. Students should collect information concerning the procedure for handling terrorism. They need to collect more information about the phenomenon and basic causes. Most Noticeable Historical Essay Topics World History Research Papers involve an amazing quantity of information. Students have to do a little bit of research so as to reply to these essay topics. Get a good idea about this issue from the above mentioned essay written by the expert subject expert of Students Assignment Help. After publication of her very first book, many different historians also published their books on the identical subject. Writing a research paper about such a considerable moment in the American history can be quite advantageous there's already a great deal of research on the topic. 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Comparison of the Different Types of Typography - 1032 Words

Judith A. Powell Composition and Language ENG1010 XD Instructor: Jacob Kaltenbach Assignment 2: Comparison/Contrast Essay COMPARISON OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TYPOGRAPHY â€Å"When designers think of typography, we invariably consider semiotics which consists of semantics (the relation between signs and the concepts they represent), syntax (the formal relation between signs in a system), and pragmatics (the study of signs in use). Depending upon our concept and our sensibility to typographic form, the type can be our main concern or the invisible carrier of our message. In this sense typography becomes â€Å"the raw material that goes into communication, serving man and his exchanges.† However, this definition does not take into†¦show more content†¦One block of copy is set centered and justified in Bodoni book; this represents a more classical use of typography. The second block of copy is set flush left, ragged right in Futura book; this block represents a more modern use of typography. The third block of copy is set flush left in Beowulf; this ever changing typeface represents the transformation of traditional typography to dig ital typography.† (Digioia). I would also like to talk about the comparison between typography on the Web and typography in print. â€Å"Typography on the Web is different from typography in print in many ways, and although the principles hold across the media, the ways in which those principles are applied differ. Things that are â€Å"free† in print, such as resolution and a stable page size, are all but impossible on the Web, and things that are â€Å"free† on the Web, such as color, interaction, and rich media, are expensive or impossible in print. If you play to the strengths of the Web, then there’s no reason why web typography can’t be as effective as print typography.† lt; http://www.friendsofed.com/samples/159059231X.pdfgt;. â€Å"We have already seen how limited user and author control of presentation was before CSS. The typographic possibilities offered by CSS are, by comparison to lt;fontgt;, vast. In fact, the more advanced CSS selectors begin to take CSS to a level where things impossible in print page layout applicationsShow MoreRelatedDesign Analysis : Typography And Design1204 Words   |  5 PagesTypography employs the technique of arranging type in a visually appealing way to make a document legible and to provoke interest. Inadequate use of typography may leave a reader struggling and disgruntled which is why it is important to know the basics of creating an appealing document. Through the utilization of good typography, people will feel encouraged to read a document rather than feel unmotivated. The reason that typography matters is that a reader is a writer’s most valuable asset and theRead MoreWolfgang Weingarts Style And The International Swiss Design Style850 Words   |  4 P agesContrast Wolfgang Weingarts Style And The International Swiss Typography Style. Summarise Weingart Techniques. The word â€Å"Weingart† originated from his students. This began the era of â€Å"The Weingart Style† and it spread around. I will explore the differences of Wolfgang Weingarts work and the International Swiss Typography style. Showing how his work is unique compared to the modern swiss typography. I will focus on a range of different techniques that Weingart experimented with and how he implementedRead MoreHow Does Typography Be An Effective Piece Of Advertising?922 Words   |  4 PagesLupton, AIGA) â€Å"Typography is supposed to be invisible. At least, that’s the prevailing view. If there’s on cardinal lesson design students are force-fed, it’s this: If the intended reader actually notices the typography and graphic design on a page, then you’ve failed as a designer. The goal of communication is achieved only when typography does not ‘distract’†Ã¢â‚¬â€(Joe Clark) Unfortunately, this may not be so true. When viewing editorial copies and advertisement, one realizes that typography must be noticeableRead MoreLanguage As A Medium Of Communication957 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology and the importing of new printing equipment meant that it was becoming commercially viable for newspapers to be printed in a variety of regional languages rather than predominantly either in Hindi or English. The availability of newspapers in different languages has meant that India’s newspaper market appeals to millions of non-English speakers. It is predicted that by 2017, the revenues for non-English papers will overtake that of English newspapers for the first time ever. Gujarati newspapersRead MoreLeaflet Critique - Health and Social Care Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesABSTRACT This study involves critically appraising five different health promotional leaflets in relation to teenage health fitness and exercise. The analysis includes the evaluation of design, the effectiveness of illustration, textual layout, typography and contents. The organisation of material, language, readability, learning and motivation is also assessed. All five leaflets are looked at in comparison to each other, highlighting out all the pros and cons. With this information, a HealthRead MoreA.M Cassandre1184 Words   |  5 Pagesto distinguish it from the soft curved shape of the horse. It was then I could see that the poster was meant to be advertising not only a car, but one which was fast, chic and elegant like a racing car. The artist seems to be using the horse as a comparison with the car to highlight its sophistication and speed. The horse has the elegant and smooth features of a thoroughbred which is used for horse racing . This would explain the title at the top of the p oster ‘Le pur - sang des automobiles’ whichRead MoreGraphic Design Of The Bauhaus School2872 Words   |  12 PagesTypography has evolved throughout recent centuries to become one of the most exciting and adaptable forms of communication in graphic design. One of the most important stepping stones in the development of typography was the ground-breaking art school called the Bauhaus. During this remarkable period of change, nestled between the two World Wars, the Bauhaus helped to break the limits of traditional text and paved the way for modern typographic design. This innovative art school was opened in 1919Read MoreHow The Eye Is An Important Factor For Determining The Optimal Typeface For A Specific Function2073 Words   |  9 Pagesinformation from your eyes to your brain. Through the type on the page, I have started a conversation with you and you may have been unaware but you are taking part in the conversation too. Little do you know you are also contextualising what you are reading, through your past conversations and experiences. There are numerous circumstances that affect ones reading experience and it is through the research of how the eye reads and what constitutes good type design that we can develop a better understandingRead MoreThe Communication Of Information And The Printing Press1670 Words   |  7 Pagesin a kiln (â€Å"History of publishing†). Papyrus was more fragile than clay tablets and writing in Egypt was still slow even for the cursive scripts (hieratic and demotic) because scribes had to write by hand â€Å"with a reed pen or brush and inks of different colours† (â€Å"History of publishing†). In the early Christian era, vellum and parchment, which are â€Å"materials prepared from the skins of animals,† were commonly used to make scrolls and codices (which had folded leaves instead of rolls), on whichRead MoreCircus Posters of P.T. Barnum and The Ringling Brothers1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthe many incarnations of Barnum’s circus. Despite being made by the same company, the posters created for the two circuses were overall very different in style, in the treatment of typography, and in the layout while still maintaining some basic similarities. The best example of this from the Cincinnati Art Museum’s collection can be seen through the comparison of two posters, one for the Ringling Bros. advertising The 9 Jordans and The Incomparable Clarkonians from 1909, and the other for P.T. Barnum’s

Mass Electronic Surveillance is an Invasion of Privacy Essay

Introduction Privacy is central to our understanding of freedom of expression and thus on a larger scale democracy. Mass surveillance is an invasion of common man’s privacy. Recent development in the way in which technology can invade privacy has heightened the need for greater protection freedom of expression. However, a major problem in this area is that the public are not provided with adequate information to act against such invasion of their rights. To date, there has been little agreement to what extent mass surveillance should be allowed in the name of providing security to the citizen of the country and to what extent privacy of the citizens of other countries should be respected. This essay seeks to remedy these problems by†¦show more content†¦Mass surveillance has been used a tool to keep people’s behaviour under control. Knowledge gives power and someone will definitely have a greater advantage over you if they know everything about you. Mass surveillance can be used to control the flow of opinion and suppress the opposition of all forms. There are two approaches to study mass surveillance one is Panoptic and other non –Panoptic approach. Foucault uses philosopher Jeremy Bentham concept of ‘Panoptic prison for describing surveillance has been widely recognized, where all the prisoners have no clue when they are under surveillance, hence they behave as if they constantly under surveillance which ultimately disciplined and reform them.’ Thus to some extent mass surveillance can act as a way to discipline people and keep them under control. Some authors approach surveillance in non-panoptic way where surveillance has positive aspects like protection and security and where everyone has an opportunity to surveil (Allmer. T, 2012:128). But non – Panoptic approach does not take into account asymmetric power relations and repressive aspects of society into consideration (Allmer. T, 2012: 135). So this essay will use panoptic approach to study mass surveillance. As human being we all indulge in some kind of surveillance like ‘social surveillance’ (Joinson 2008, Tokunaga 2011). An averageShow MoreRelatedNsa Spying Through Smart Phones1226 Words   |  5 Pagesproven to be spying on not only the US’s allies, but also, its own citizens. How They Have Access The NSA has been performing mass surveillance on United States citizens since as early as 2001. They have teamed up with ATT and other mass communication companies to have access to phone records and internet traffic to keep an eye on possible terrorist activities (Electronic Frontier Foundation). People use their smart phones every day to talk, send email, and browse the web for information, and theRead MoreHow Technology Can Protect Privacy?1289 Words   |  6 Pagesdo all these things so easily comes with a price, your privacy. Everything that you save on your computer, tablet, Ipad, and etc is now available to the government whether you know it or not. Every private thing that you do electronically can be invaded by the government without your consent. Many of these private things are saved and stored by the government, where it stays for an unknown amount of time. Isn’t this an invasion of your privacy? Important information such as; bank accounts and medicalRead Mor eU.s. National Security Agency1242 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscontinue the surveillance done by the NSA because it is detrimental the U.S. economy the Constitution and the citizens of the U.S. The National Security Agency, NSA, is an intelligence organization of the United States government, responsible for global monitoring, collection and processing of information and data for foreign intelligence and counterintelligence. In 2013, whistleblower Edward Snowden leaked documents revealing the lengths of the National Security Agency’s surveillance on the UnitedRead MoreSurveillance And The National Security Agency1729 Words   |  7 Pages There are all different types of surveillance now-a-days. The thought of it has come a long way and it has evolved significantly. There are many pros and cons as to surveillance in today’s world. Also, there are many different ways that technology allows people to get surveillance on many different things such as people, where they go, who they talk to, private information, and so much more. Surveillance and security in the United States has also changed significantly since September 11th, 2001Read MoreHow Consumer Drones Ch anged Public Safety, And Privacy968 Words   |  4 PagesPublic Safety, And Privacy? Imagine being able to fly through the sky with nothing more than a remote control and a camera. This sounds pretty futuristic but the future is here with the new consumer drones with capabilities such as GPS, auto stabilizing cameras and advanced electronics to make the future a reality. But how safe are these drones to consumers concerning privacy and public safety? Though these drones have improved consumer life, their safety to consumer privacy and public safety isRead MoreDigital Privacy Concerns Essay1565 Words   |  7 Pages Digital privacy concerns, which have been a major issue in our country since 2001, increasingly violate our basic human rights as global citizens. The growing amount of government surveillance has manifested in the enactment of acts such as SOPA and CISPA. Although their intent on stopping digital piracy and attacks were clear, both were immediately met with harsh criticism; they allowed big corporations to violate our privacy rights by sharing our perso nal information with both other companiesRead MorePolitical Dispute Over Mass Surveillance Technology2165 Words   |  9 PagesPolitical Dispute Over Mass Surveillance Technology As American citizens we want to live in a country where privacy and protection can live in harmony. This is the political dispute surrounding mass surveillance technology, because the reality is that perfect harmony isn’t possible at this time. Social groups in conflict over this issue are divided into two categories; government agencies such as the FBI, CIA, and most prominently the NSA versus civil society groups like American Civil LibertiesRead MoreElectronic Surveillance Is An Essential Law Enforcement Tool3839 Words   |  16 PagesToday even a child can harness and use the vast number of electronic devices to send and receive mass amounts of information. From the invention of the telephone to the personal home computer, we have invented an plethora of new devices to communicate through. Although these new communication inventions have made our lives more convenient and allow us to contact anyone at essentially any time at any place, an issue of secrecy and privacy ar ises. Most individuals use things such as cell phones,Read MoreSurveillance And The Surveillance Of Surveillance1415 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal information, and surveillance users are unaware is even there. Although this sounds like an invasion of personal privacy and loss of personal liberty, it has turned into the â€Å"norm† and most of the time goes on without even being questioned. In some cases, consensual surveillance has been turned into forms of entertainment. The average person online is very aware of the surveillance taking place, but it is likely they are unaware of the severity of the surveillance and the justification behindRead MoreThe Wild, Engineering Technology ( 17509637 ) 9.7 ( 2014 )3767 Words   |  16 PagesClarke, Roger. The Regulation Of Civilian Drones Impacts On Behavioural Privacy. Computer Law Security Review 30.3 (2014): 286-305. Academic Search Complete. Web. 30 July 2014. * Drone surveillance includes environmental monitoring, tracking of livestock/wildlife, measurement of meteorological and geophysical phenomena, observing large-scale human construction, road/air/sea traffic†¦ the most controversial is the surveillance of people and spaces which people pass through (used by CBP, military

Loki Essay Example For Students

Loki Essay LOKILoki is probably the most misunderstood of all the gods. Most people have come to see him as a most vile being, but this is a misconception. As everyone knows his actions willhelp destroy the gods, but there is more to him than that. What he gave to humanity as a whole outweighs what he has done and what he will do. He gave us choice; to understandthat statement you need to know more about him, the events which led to his imprisonment, and the events that will lead to his eventual death. Loki is mentioned in Volsupa, Thrymskvitha, Hymiskvitha, Svipdagsmal, Reginsmal, Gylfaginning, Hyndluljod, and Baldrs Draumar. He is the subject of Lokasenna. Eilif Gudrunarson, Thjodolf of Hvin, and Ulf Uggason myths about Thor and Geirr?dr, Idunn and Thjazi, and Heimdall and Loki have Loki playing a part in them. Loki came from the east. He is the son of the giant Bergelmir, or Farbauti (the dangerous striker, ie, the storm), and giantess Laufey (or Nal, needle). His wife is Sigyn, who isinclud ed among the Asynjur by Snorri. They have two sons Vali and Narfi. In Hyndluljod, He also had three other children by the giantess Angrbodha (Boder of Sorrow), the Vanargand (Fenris Wolf), the Midgard Serpent (Jormungand or Ioemingang), and Hel. He is also mother/father to Sleipnir (Gylfaginning 42, Volupsa 25). Also in Hyndluljod, he atethe cooked heart of a woman which he found in the embers through this he came with child, and gave birth to an unknown monster. In Gylfaginning (33) Snorri says that Included among the Aesir is he whom some call the slanderer of the Aesir or the author of deceit and the shame of god and men. To outwardappearance Loki is beautiful and comely, but evil in disposition and most fickle in nature. He excelled in sleight and had strategems for all occassions. He often brought the Aesir into great difficulties, but then delivered them with his cunning. He elsewhere says; How shall Loki be referred to? By calling him comrade and table-companion of ?din and t he Aesir, Geirr?drs visitor and casket-ornament, thief from giants, of goat and Brisingamen and Iduns apples, enemy of the gods, Sifs hair-harmer, maker of mischief, the cunning As, accuser and tricker of gods, contriver of Baldrs death, the bound one, wrangler with Heimfdall and Skandi. In Heimskringla ?din is called Lopts friend, and Snorri speaks of him as Evil companion and bench-mate of ?din and the Aesir. Other descriptions by Snorri are: Foe of the gods, the sly god, Slanderer and cheat of the gods, Wolfs father, the cunning Loki. He calls himself Lopt (the airy one), andthis name is also given to him by others (Lokasenna 52), and may be connected with lopteldr (lightning). The name Lodur, which occurs only in Volupsa (18), as that of an associate of ?din and H?nir, is generally supposed to be an early name of Loki, who was companion and friend of H?nir according to Thjodolf of Hvin (Sk?ldskaparm?l 22). DUALITY As already stated, Loki and ?din are blood brothers. This is how he came to be included among the Aesir, despite that the Aesir and the giants are maternal blood relatives. Yet he has always brought much woe to the gods. Loki does mischief for mischiefs sake. He is a thief (of the Brisingamen) or he causes theft (Idunn and her apples). He dislikes others to be praised, even as a servant, as when he slew Fimafeng at Aegirs banquet (Skaldskaparm?l 33, Lokasenna Intro). He is foul-mouthed and slanderous, as Lokasenna shows. However, he has also been the key in bringing about situations which have helped the gods. If it wasnt for Loki how would Thor come about having the hammer Mjollnir, or ?dinhis spear Gungnir and horse Sleipnir? Loki was always welcome, to a certain extent, among the gods (until Lokasenna). Whenever anyone went to J?tunheim, he was usually thereas an intermediary. In those days he was a mischievous god bent on a little personal gain. His actions were never truly evil, but eventually his pranks took on a more serious turn. His natu re has been sought in the meaning of his name, which may be connected with Logi, German Lohi (fire) which has the same destructive power as he delighted in. The namehas also been derived from Lucifer and his personality regarded as a refection of the devils. Others connect it with luka, ljuka (too close / to bring to an end), lok (the end). Therefore Loki would be the one who closes or brings to an end, because his deeds leads up to Ragnarok. His father Farbauti (the dangerous striker, ie, the storm) and motherLaufey (the leafy isle) or Nal (needle, ie needle-tree or fir-tree). Thus, Loki is the creation of the storm which, in lightning, brings down fire on the wooded isle. Or Farbauti is apiece of stick, the drill, which by rubbing on a soft piece of wood, Laufey, produces fire (Gerring). Lokis dual character can, then, be related to fire, since it is both beneficent anddangerous. Later folf-lore is also thought to point to Lokis connection with fire. A Norse saying when the fire crackles is: Loki is beating his children, and the skin of the milk is thrown intothe fire as a dole. On hot days when the air shimmers, or in spring when the mists rise from the ground in the sunshine, a Danish saying is Loki is driving out his goats. The sunappearing through clouds and drawing up moisture seems to referred to in the sayings: Loki drinks water, or Loki is passing over the fields. In Sweden when a little childstooth falls out, it is thrown into the fire with the works: Lokke, Lokke, give me a bone tooth: here is a gold tooth. In Iceland chips and refuse for fire are called Lokis chips, andsubterranean sulphur fumes Lokis vapor. The bright star Sirius is named Lokabrenna (the burning of Loki). The name Loki is also related to liechan or liuhan (enlighten), to the Latin luc-, lux, to the Old English leoht (light), and the Greek leukos (white). LOKI AS VICTIM In several myths, Loki seldom acts out of his own free will, but that he ..acts under some sort of compulsion in more cases than of his own free will (de Vries). The better knownstories about Loki are: his responsibility for the death of Baldr, and that he opposses the Aesir at Ragnarok. These are his only truly evil acts without any compensating good,including perhaps the killing of Fimafeng at Aegirs feast (Skaldskaparm?l 33, Lokasenna Intro). Loki i s not always portrayed as absolutely evil or repulsive. Nor is he always portrayed doing harmful acts. He more often acts under compulsion. For all his flaws, Loki inspired adegree of loyalty not only in Sigyn, but in ?din as well. Even though he has already played a part in Baldrs sojourn in Hel, his oath of blood-brotherhood with ?din secures him aplace at Aegirs feast, above the objections of the other Aesir. Sigyn, Lokis wife, remains steadfastly by him until Ragnarok, keeping him from as much harm as she is able. If hedbeen truly awful to her, Sigyn could have just gone on her way. Njord and Skadi parted for far more trivial reasons without apparent censure. Lokis relationship with ?din and Thor would seem to support the claim that Loki often acts under compulsion. LOKI AND ?DIN Loki is most often seen as the comrade and table-companion of ?din and the Aesir depicting Loki not as a cleverly dangerous and manipulative diety who harms everyone aroundhim, as is popular belief. In Lokasenna he recalls to ?din that in earlier days they had mixed their blood in the rite of blood-brotherhood, and ?din had promised to pour no ale unless it were brought forboth. Later, Frigg bids ?din and Loki to preserve silence on the deeds they had done long ago. Idunn reminds Bragi that Loki had been chosen as wish-son or adopted son by?din (Lokassenna 9). In Gylfaginning (41), the Aesir have hired a giant to fortify their stronghold in Asgard, and has promised him Freyja, the sun and the moon as his reward, provided that the wallswould be finished within half a year. On the advice (or permission) of Loki, the giant is allowed to use his horse to help him in his work. He sets to work with his extraordinaryhorse Svadilfare, making tremendous progress each day, which worries the gods. The gods hold council, they adjudged Loki worthy of death unless he found a way to stop thegiant from keeping his part of the deal. He then changed himself into a mare, which was pursued by the gia nts helpful stallion Svadilfari. This caused the work to be suspended and itwas not completed in the agreed time. Thor slew the giant and, some time after, Loki gave birth to Sleipnir, ?dins horse (Gylfaginning 42, Volupsa 25). This myth shows Loki asacting in self-preservation rather than malice. Thus, Loki is a victim of circumstance, out to save his own skin. Loki is again the cunning god, appearing in the well-known role ofthe man, who gives bad advice and afterwards has to remedy the dangers issuing from it (de Vries). He also provides a gift for a god: he provided ?din with Sleipnir. This will alsobecome a recurring trait of Lokis. In the Sorla-thattr (13th century) Loki, son of a peasant Farbauti and his wife Laufey who was thin and meagre and hence called Nal or Needle, is cunning, caustic, and tricky. Hebecame ?dins serving-man. ?din always had a good work for him, all of which he performed. Loki knew almost everything that happened and told it to ?din. In Lokasenna, thisdo es appear to be the case, for Loki knows all the secrets of the other Aesir, which he throws into their faces. Also in the Sorla-thattr, Lokis steals the Brisingamen, Gem of fire ( ie, human intelligence; brisingr means fire; brising means bonfire) from Freyja this sets in motion a train ofevents vitally connected with the course of human evolution. According to Old Norse myth, another version of this story, obscurely referred to in a poem, appears as a fragmentcited by Snorri (Skaldskaparm?l 8, 16). Here, Loki stole the Brisingamen for his own purposes. Heimdall contends with him for it and both are in the form of seals. This equates Lokiwith Promethean stealer of fire for the benefit of mankind, though it is never stated that this necklace did good to men, but more on Prometheus later. ?din, H?nir and Loki are travelling together. They are confronted with a giant, Thjazi, in the shape of an eagle. Loki is separated from the two others by Thjazi. Thjazi forces Loki topromise to br ing the goddess Idunn into his power or he will kill him. When the gods discovered this, Loki was threatened with torture or death for it is Idunn who keeps theapples which the gods have to feed on when they age, and they all become young, and so it will go on right up to Ragnarok. He escaped by borrowing Freyjas feather-dress,flying to J?tunheim in the form of a falcon, and brings back Idunn, whom he transformed for the occassion into a nut. The Aesir slew Thjazi when he pursued Loki to Asgard in hiseagle form, but in Lokasenna Loki claims to have been himself first and last in the fight with the giant. When Thjazis daughter Skadi came to Asgard to avenge her father, she isoffered a god of her own choice in marriage, on the condition that she will only be able see his feet when she makes her choice. She also demands that the Aesir makes her laugh,which is accomplished by one of Lokis more bizarre tricks. Loki caused her to laugh one of the terms of reconciliation demanded by her. ?din and H?nir are remarkably passive. ..the only real hero of the tale is Loki, the two other gods doing nothing at all (de Vries). This myth again shows Loki as acting in self-preservation rather than malice. For him,breaking his oath would be impossible, just as leaving Idunn in J?tunheim. In Reginsmal, ?din, H?nir and Loki again travel together. By slaying a dwarf, Otr, in the shape of an otter (they didnt know it was anything but an otter), he brings the wrath ofHreidmarr onto the Aesir. They are forced to pay weregild for the slain dwarf, and Loki is sent to Svartalfheim to fetch the gods ransom. He catches another dwarf, Andvari, whowas in the form of a fish, and takes all his gold. Loki borrowed Rans net in order to catch Andvari. The dwarf tries to hide a ring of gold, but Loki finds out and takes that too. Thedwarf then lays a curse on that particular ring and leaves. The ring would be the ruin of everyone who came into possession of it. Loki gave the gold to ?din, who covered the skinwith it but retained the ri ng. One of the otters whiskers remained uncovered, and Hreidmarr insisted on it being covered, so ?din gave up the ring. Loki said that now the ring andthe treasure would be a curse to every posessor of them. When the ransom is paid, the Aesir are free to go. Again we find that the two other Aesir are merely passive spectators,and that the only active role, albiet a forced one, in the story is played by Loki. LOKI AND THOR In Skaldskaparm?l (18), Loki flew to J?tunheim in the guise of a falcon (using Friggs feather-dress), and has been captured and starved by the giant Geirr?dr. The giant releaseshim only if he promises to bring Thor to him without his hammer, belt and gloves, and after having made his promise he is free to go. Loki manages to make it back to Bilkskirnir,home to Thor and Sif and convinces Thor to leave his weapons at home, but on their way he is supplied with a belt of power, a pair of iron gloves and a power staff by a giantessnamed Grid. After having crossed a dan gerous river with Loki hanging on his belt, Thor confronts the giant and his daughters, kills them and heads back to Asgard. Loki is not evenmentioned after the river incident: Loki, as it seems, accompanied Thor on the first part of his journey, but he disappears from the scene (Turville-Petre). Snorris version of themyth in Skaldskaparm?l differs somewhat from the older poem Haustlong where the original story is told, where Thor is accompanied not only by Loki but also by Ialvi. There is noaccount of this myth in the Poetic Edda. This myth shows Loki as acting in self-preservation rather than malice. Thus, Loki is again victim of circumstance, out to save his own skin. In Thrymskvitha Thor wakes up only to find that his hammer is gone. He approaches Loki, tells him about his loss, and Loki assumes Freyjas falcon shape in order to go looking forthe hammer. He finds out that the giant Thrymm has stolen the hammer and that he keeps it safe, eight miles underground, and that he will n ot give it back unless he is promisedFreyjas hand in marriage. Freyja herself does not approve of being married to the giant, and the gods are quite at a loss about what to do. They hold council, and Heimdallrsuggests that Thor could disguise himself as Freyja and go to ?rym and recover his hammer. Loki readily offers to follow as the false Freyjas bridesmaid, and hence they arrive inJotunheim in order to celebrate the wedding. Thor is almost disclosed twice due to his excessive eating and red-hot gaze, but the cunning Loki quickly saves him by his wittyexplanations. At last the hammer is produced to be used in the ceremony and put in Thors lap, only to be picked up by the most furious of gods and used to smash the giants toatoms. We are not told that Loki had caused the hammer to be stolen, but this may once have been the introduction to the story. Otherwise, this is a myth where Loki volunteers tohelp another Aesir. No threats or pain of death was involved. LOKI AS CREATOR In Volu sp? 18, ?din, H?nir and Lodur create the first human beings out of two pieces of wood, a man called Askr and a woman called Embla: Then from the host three came, Great, merciful, from the Gods home: Askr and Embla on earth they found, Faint, feeble, with no fate assigned them. Breath they had not, nor blood nor senses, Nor languagepossessed, nor life-hue: ?din gave them breath, H?nir senses, Blood and life hue Lodur gave. It is argued that Loki and Lodur are one and the same. ?inn and H?nir are, when they are mentioned together, always accompanied by a third god, sometimes Lodur and sometimesLoki. Lodur is not mentioned in the Poetic Edda except for in this passage. Snorri does not mention him at all. LOKI AND SIF / LOKI AS PROVIDER In the halls of Bilskirnir Sif and Thor were just wed. The next night, Loki crept to Sifs chamber. She glanced up at Lokis approach and smiled in welcome. She knew why Loki choseto visit her, since she could forsee things. Without any further prompt, Sif unknotted her long fair hair and shook it loose about her shoulders. He grabbed the shears from Sifs workbox and chopped off every strand of the goddesss shining locks, leaving only prickly tufts on the Sifs head, all that remained of Sifswonderful ormament. She seemed so diminished in presence by the loss that tears came to his eyes. Forgive me. he whispered. Sif hugged him close Be brave she said or all willbe for nought. The next morning, Thor (her husband) would have broken all his bones, had not an apologetoc Loki sworn to the Black Elves in svart?lfar to make Sif hair of gold, which wouldgrow like other hair. It is unclear how Loki found himself in a position to lop Sifs hair off in the first place. In Lokasenna, it is said he was already in Sifs bed when he did it. In theHyndlulj?d, the ferryman (none other than ?din) tells Thor that With Sif someone sleeps in her bower. Adding gratuitous insult to the injury already done to her marriage vowsseems perfectly in keeping with L okis character. The injury could not have been too great, however, since we still see Thor and Loki wandering around together after this. Thereis a reason for this. The dwarfs are so eager to please they produce not only golden hair for Sif, but also a marvellous ship for Heimdallr and a magic spear for ?din. Loki challenges two other dwarfs tomake even better things, and puts his head at stake. The dwarfs set to work, and Loki who is afraid of losing his head tries to disturb them, and by transforming himself into a fly, heinterferes with their work. Nonetheless, the dwarfs manage to produce a golden boar and a golden ring, both of which are flawless, and a hammer, Mjollnir, which shaft is a bit tooshort. Who really won the bet becomes a matter of dispute, which is settled by the Aesir, who deem that Loki has lost his bet and that he therefore must lose his head. Loki escapesbut is captured by Thor and brought back. He then agrees to letting the dwarf cut off his head, as long as h e does not touch his neck, which, of course, is impossible. The dwarf thensews Lokis lips together in wrath with a string called Vartare. This myth demonstrates Lokis dual nature, putting himself in deep trouble because of some harmless trick, only to save his skin in the last second. First he offends the wife of thethunder god by cutting off her hair, and secondly he succeeds in damaging the hammer of Thor. (de Vries). Yet something is overlooked. Loki brings more good things to the Aesir than would suffice to cover the loss of Sifs hair: he provides not only Thor with a hammer: ?din receivesnot only a spear but also a golden ring, Frey a golden boar and a ship that easily can be folded up and fitted into a pocket. All this for something that began as a prank. LOKASENNA / A BITTER LOKI In Lokasenna, Lokis attitude becomes more bitter when he cuts down each god and goddess in turn during the feast of Aegir. The prose Introduction tells how Aegir invited many of the gods and elves to a feast. All went well until Loki kills one of Aegirs slaves, Fimafeng, because he could not standhearing the gods praising of his skill of serving and pleasing the guests. The Aesir shake their shields and howled at Loki, and drove him out of the forest. Loki returns and asksEldir, another of Aegirs slaves, of what is going on in the hall. Eldir tells how the talk is of weapons and war, and that none has a friendly word for him. Loki says he will go in,mixing hatred to the gods and mixing venom with their ale. Loki enters and says that he has come from a far journey and asks for a drink. The gods are silent, till Bragi speaks and says there is no place for him here. Loki appeals to ?din on theground of their old brotherhood sworn in the morning of time, and ?din bids Vidar find a place for the wolfs father, lest he should speak evil. Vidar obeys and Loki pledges allpresent, excluding Bragi. The poem then becomes a flyting between Loki and the other guest present, a quarrel that ca nnot be stopped by force as the gods had taken a vow of peace inside the hall wherethe feast was held. Loki is therefore allowed to verbally abuse each and every one of the gods as he sees fit. He accuses Bragi of cowardice. Idunn begs him to weigh Lokis kinship with ?din and speak no taunt with him. Loki turns on her and accusses her of promiscuosity and of havingembraced the killer of her husband. She doesnt refute this taunt, but merely tries to calm Bragi, who is overcome with ale. Gefjon intervenes and begs that no bandying of wordswill continue, for Loki is known as a slanderer and hates everyone. Loki accuses her of having committed adultery with a youth who gave her a necklace. ?din tells Loki that he is mad to raise Gefjons anger, for she knows mens destinies just as ?din himself does. Loki turns on ?din and tells him that he does not justly assign victory ,and often gives it to thise who deserve it least. ?din says this may be, but reminds Loki of his own faults, of having spent eight winters in the underworld as a woman, milking cowsand giving birth to children. Loki retorts that ?din had once wrought magic spells in the guise of a witch in Samsey. These two taunts, a man bearing children as a woman and a mantaking womans form, were not uncommon in the Scandinavian north, but were regarded as most deadly insults. The Aesir in turn to address Loki and strive to silence him, but invain. Loki points to Friggs affair with ?dins two brothers when she thought ?din to be dead. She also says Forsooth, had I in Aegirs hall a son as Baldr so brave: Thoudst not get theegone from the gods foregathered before thou hadst fought for thy life (27-8). He then tells her, Be mindful, Frigg, what further I tell of wicked words of mine: my rede wrought it that rides nevermore hitherward Baldr to hall. He admits then that he is thecause of Baldrs absence, possibly referring to his refusal to weap over him to keep him in Hel. Freyja, a witch strong in evil, is accused of adultery with all the gods and Alfar, andwith being her brothers lover. Loki taunts Njordr of having been used as a chamber pot by some giantesses and of having a son, Frey, by his sister. Tyr says that Frey is best of heroes. Loki bids him be silent, fornot being unable to solve juridical problems, lost his hand by the Fenris-wolf (Lokis offspring) and of not being the father of his own son, Loki himself claiming paternity. Freyreminds Loki that By the River fettered Fenris will lie till draws night the doom of the gods; and nigh to him, but thou hush thee now, wilt be bound, thou breeder of ill. Loki says that Frey bought Gerd with gold and his sword, and is now weaponless must await Muspells son when they ride theough Myrkwood. Byggvir, Freys servant,intervenes, and says that if he were of such birth as Frey, he would crush Loki to marrow and break all his bones. Loki taunts him, little creature that he is, with cowardice. NowHeimdall speaks and tells Loki he is drunk. Skadi says , Thou art lusty, Loki, but long thou wilt not a loose tail wag as thou list; for on a rock with thy ice-cold sons guts will bindthee the gods (49). Loki cries that he was first and last among those who slew her father, and reminds her of his armour with her. Sif comes forward, pours ale for Loki, and says that she at least is blameless, but she is slao reminded of misconduct with him (she sleps with him, and he cut her hair for it). Beyla,wife of Biggvir, cries that the mountains are shaking and Thor, absent slaying trolls, is coming, and will silence the slanderer. She is also vilified, and now Thor enters and bids Loki,wretched wight, be silent or his hammer will close his mouth. Loki says he need not threaten so much. He will be less fierce when he fights the Fenris Wolf. Thrice again does Thorthreaten him. Loki taunts him still, with hiding in a giants glove and with his difficulty in opening Skrymirs wallet. Finally he says that he has spoken all he wished to say. Now hewill g o, because Thor is such a great fighterm but he warns the Aegir that no more feasts will he give, for the fire will soon consume all that is here. DEATH OF BALDR ; RAGNAROK / AN EVIL LOKI Lokis worst actions, as stated earlier, showing him as a foe of the gods, is connected with the myth of te sun-god Baldr (Gylfaginning 48). Ragnarok has once been translated as the age of fire and smoke, probably because rok in Swedish means smoke. Juvenile Crime Essay SummaryLoki himself, with Hrym and the forest-giants, will come at the head of a giant army on the boat Naglfar. Fenris kills ?din and in turn is killed by Vidhar. Jormungand will die at Thorshands, but he himself will succumb to the effects of the poison from the World Serpent. Loki will grapple with Heimdall, they will kill each other (Gylfaginning 51). Loki here plays a more violent role than usual. Instead of using his wits he actually joins the fray, which in some ways contradicts the very essence of his character as the slymanipulator who would rather run off than take the heat. Instead of balancing between good and evil he makes his stand against the Aesir, joining forces with their enemies. Thiscould be in part because of his imprisonment and torture while bound. He could have merely been acting out of vengeance for what they did to him, or out of madness, or both. OTHER-MYTH COMPARISIONS Loki does not have obvious counterparts in Greek mythology, altho ugh many other cultures, such as North American aboriginals, Oceanic, West African and Chinese, have mythswhich feature tricksters. There is one Greek god, Hermes, that is considered somewhat of a trickster, although not to the same extent as Loki. As soon as Hermes was born, hedisplayed this trait by stealing Apollos cows. He was taken for judgement to Zeus after this crime, but he used his cunning, offering the lyre he invented, to escape punishment. Inmany ways this is much like Lokis behaviour, in that Loki often was able to talk his way out of predicaments and bringing about situations which have helped the gods. As god of fire, Loki could be compared to Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire. One of the major stories about Loki is his exile from Asgard for being indirectly responsible for thedeath of Baldr. This punishment was meted out by ?din. Similarly, Hephaestus was ejected from Mt. Olympus by Zeus over an argument about one of Zeus favourites, Heracles. PROMETHEUS COMPARISON Loki is can also be compared to Prometheus, primarily again because of their association with fire. Loki being the god of fire, and Prometheus being the bringer of fire to thehumans. Prometheus was a Titan, admitted into Olympus for remaining neutral in the revolt of the Olympians against the Titans. However, Prometheus knew who would be responsible for the death of Zeus. This can be looked at in the same light as Lokis both knowledge and responsibilty of ?dins death, ashe fathered the beast Fenris who would kill him. Also, Loki is a major palyer and provokes Ragnorok, the final battle that will destroy everything including the gods. Prometheus caused the creation of Pandora therefore damningmankind. However this was not enough punishment in the eyes of Zeus, so he caused a flood that destroyed mankind. In both myths, humanity renews itself. Fire also plays a very large role in the destruction of the world in the Norse myths, as Surtur engulfs the world in flame after the battle ofR agnarok. Some would say that Prometheus association of fire destroyed mankind. Prometheus was also a trickster, as he stole cheated and lied. One of Lokis strong qualities was his ability to out-wit the gods. This too was a characteristic of Prometheus. Neitheracted capriciously, which set both of them apart from the other gods in their respective mythologies. For indirectly causing the death of Balder, Loki was bound in chains with a seprent above him dripping poison to harm Loki. Prometheus was likewise bound by the gods for hisactions. He was chained to a rock in the Caucasian mountains, with a vulture to tear away at his liver all day long an endless torture, as his liver would grow back every night. Verysimilar as both were chained to stone, with an endless torture. Loki was not freed until the twilight of the gods, or Ragnorok. Prometheus was also released by Herakles, andimmediatly had the interaction with Zeus, when he told him what would cause his death. So both were freed , and immediatly became associated with the death of the gods. CONCLUSION The thing to understand about Loki is his necessity to the whole picture. He is a renegade, the trickster. Through many wrong choices Loki has become the mischief-maker, theinstigator of wrongs in many tales. He is disruptive, representing the necessary questioning of authority which is totally necessary if things are to be kept running in an optimalway. It is the only way to make progress. He is the constant companion of the gods and serves as go-between in their dealings with the giants, the key which opens the door intothe new world that comes after the final battle. Loki is also the divine intelligence which is aroused in us, and also the will by which man may choose its course, for good or evil. Overall he is the human mind, clever, foolish, and immature. However in his most redeeming state Loki is known as Lopt and is the elevating and aspiring traits in human intelligence. He is the bridge between the animal and the divine.Looking back on the life of Loki you can see that he is the perfect example of the darkness which can rise in a mans soul. This destructive aspect is so close to the animal nature of us all.